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Foundations of Algebraic Geometry by Ravi Vakil

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FOUNDATIONS OF ALGEBRAIC GEOMETRY written by by Ravi Vakil . This is an other book of mathematics cover the following topics.

Preface
For the reader, For the expert, Background and conventions, The goals of this book

PART I PRELIMINARIES

Some category theory
Motivation, Categories and functors, Universal properties determine an object up to unique isomorphism, Limits and colimits, Adjoints, An introduction to abelian categories, Spectral sequences

Sheaves
Motivating example: The sheaf of differentiable functions, Definition of sheaf and presheaf, Morphisms of presheaves and sheaves, Properties determined at the level of stalks, and sheafification, Sheaves of abelian groups, and OX-modules, form abelian categories, The inverse image sheaf, Recovering sheaves from a “sheaf on a base”

PART II. SCHEMES

Toward affine schemes: the underlying set, and topological space
Toward schemes, The underlying set of affine schemes, Visualizing schemes I: generic points, The underlying topological space of an affine scheme, A base of the Zariski topology on Spec A: Distinguished open sets, Topological (and Noetherian) properties, The function I(·), taking subsets of Spec A to ideals of A

The structure sheaf, and the definition of schemes in general
The structure sheaf of an affine scheme, Visualizing schemes II: nilpotents, Definition of schemes, Three examples, Projective schemes, and the Proj construction

Some properties of schemes
Topological properties, Reducedness and integrality, Properties of schemes that can be checked “affine-locally”, Normality and factoriality, Where functions are supported: Associated points of schemes 164

PART III. MORPHISMS

Morphisms of schemes
Introduction, Morphisms of ringed spaces, From locally ringed spaces to morphisms of schemes, Maps of graded rings and maps of projective schemes, Rational maps from reduced schemes, ⋆ Representable functors and group schemes, ⋆⋆ The Grassmannian (initial construction)

Useful classes of morphisms of schemes
An example of a reasonable class of morphisms: Open embeddings, Algebraic interlude: Lying Over and Nakayama, A gazillion finiteness conditions on morphisms, Images of morphisms: Chevalley’s theorem and elimination theory

Closed embeddings and related notions
Closed embeddings and closed subschemes, More projective geometry, Smallest closed subschemes such that, Effective Cartier divisors, regular sequences and regular embeddings

Fibered products of schemes, and base change
They exist, Computing fibered products in practice, Interpretations: Pulling back families, and fibers of morphisms, Properties preserved by base change, ⋆ Properties not preserved by base change, and how to fix them, Products of projective schemes: The Segre embedding, Normalization,

Separated and proper morphisms, and (finally!) varieties
Separated morphisms (and quasiseparatedness done properly), Rational maps to separated schemes, Proper morphisms

Part IV. “GEOMETRIC” properties: Dimension and smoothness

Dimension
Dimension and codimension, Dimension, transcendence degree, and Noether normalization, Codimension one miracles: Krull’s and Hartogs’s Theorems, Dimensions of fibers of morphisms of varieties, ⋆⋆ Proof of Krull’s Principal Ideal and Height Theorems

Regularity and smoothness
The Zariski tangent space, Regularity, and smoothness over a field, Examples, Bertini’s Theorem, Discrete valuation rings: Dimension 1 Noetherian regular local rings, Smooth (and etale) morphisms (first definition), ⋆ Valuative criteria for separatedness and properness, ⋆ More sophisticated facts about regular local rings, ⋆ Filtered rings and modules, and the Artin-Rees Lemma

Part V. QUASICOHERENT SHEAVES

Quasicoherent and coherent sheaves
Vector bundles and locally free sheaves, Quasicoherent sheaves, Characterizing quasicoherence using the distinguished affine base, Quasicoherent sheaves form an abelian category, Module-like constructions, Finite type and coherent sheaves, Pleasant properties of finite type and coherent sheaves, ⋆⋆ Coherent modules over non-Noetherian rings

Line bundles: Invertible sheaves and divisors
Some line bundles on projective space, Line bundles and Weil divisors, ⋆ Effective Cartier divisors “=” invertible ideal sheaves

Quasicoherent sheaves on projective A-schemes
The quasicoherent sheaf corresponding to a graded module, Invertible sheaves (line bundles) on projective A-schemes, Globally generated and base-point-free line bundles, Quasicoherent sheaves and graded modules

Pushforwards and pullbacks of quasicoherent sheaves
Introduction, Pushforwards of quasicoherent sheaves, Pullbacks of quasicoherent sheaves, Line bundles and maps to projective schemes, The Curve-to-Projective Extension Theorem, Ample and very ample line bundles, ⋆ The Grassmannian as a moduli space

Relative versions of Spec and Proj, and projective morphisms
Relative Spec of a (quasicoherent) sheaf of algebras, Relative Proj of a sheaf of graded algebras, Projective morphisms, Applications to curves

Cech cohomology of quasicoherent sheaves
(Desired) properties of cohomology, Definitions and proofs of key properties, Cohomology of line bundles on projective space, Riemann-Roch, degrees of coherent sheaves, arithmetic genus, and Serre duality, A first glimpse of Serre duality, Hilbert functions, Hilbert polynomials, and genus, ⋆ Serre’s cohomological characterization of ampleness, Higher direct image sheaves, ⋆ Chow’s Lemma and Grothendieck’s Coherence Theorem

Application: Curvesy
A criterion for a morphism to be a closed embedding, A series of crucial tools, Curves of genus 0, Classical geometry arising from curves of positive genus 1, Hyperelliptic curves, Curves of genus 2, Curves of genus 3, Curves of genus 4 and 5, Curves of genus 1, Elliptic curves are group varieties, Counterexamples and pathologies using elliptic curves

⋆ Application: A glimpse of intersection theory
Intersecting n line bundles with an n-dimensional variety, Intersection theory on a surface, The Grothendieck group of coherent sheaves, and an algebraic version of homology, ⋆⋆ The Nakai-Moishezon and Kleiman criteria for ampleness

Differentials
Motivation and game plan, Definitions and first properties, Smoothness of varieties revisited, Examples, Studying smooth varieties using their cotangent bundles, Unramified morphisms, The Riemann-Hurwitz Formula

⋆ Blowing up
Motivating example: blowing up the origin in the plane, Blowing up, by universal property, The blow-up exists, and is projective, Examples and computations

Part VI. MORE

Derived functors
The Tor functors, Derived functors in general, Derived functors and spectral sequences, Derived functor cohomology of O-modules, Cech cohomology and derived functor cohomology agree

Flatness
Introduction, Easier facts, Flatness through Tor, Ideal-theoretic criteria for flatness, Topological aspects of flatness, Local criteria for flatness, Flatness implies constant Euler characteristic

Smooth, etale, and unramified morphisms revisited
Some motivation, Different characterizations of smooth and etale morphisms, Generic smoothness and the Kleiman-Bertini Theorem

Depth and Cohen-Macaulayness
Depth, Cohen-Macaulay rings and schemes, ⋆⋆ Serre’s R1 + S2 criterion for normality

Twenty-seven lines
Introduction, Preliminary facts, Every smooth cubic surface (over k) has 27 lines, Every smooth cubic surface (over k) is a blown up plane

Cohomology and base change theorems
Statements and applications, ⋆⋆ Proofs of cohomology and base change theorems, Applying cohomology and base change to moduli problems

Power series and the Theorem on Formal Functions
Introduction, Algebraic preliminaries, Defining types of singularities, The Theorem on Formal Functions, Zariski’s Connectedness Lemma and Stein Factorization, Zariski’s Main Theorem, Castelnuovo’s criterion for contracting (−1)-curves, ⋆⋆ Proof of the Theorem on Formal Functions 29.4.2

⋆ Proof of Serre duality
Introduction, Ext groups and Ext sheaves for O-modules, Serre duality for projective k-schemes, The adjunction formula for the dualizing sheaf, and ωX = KX

Bibliography

Index

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